中高纬度大气低频模态研究进展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张曼  许小峰  闵锦忠  高庆九 《气象科学》2015,35(6):799-806

大气低频模态是导致中高纬地区季节及气候变化的主要因素,加强低频模态动力机制的认识对于提高短期气候预测水平具有十分重要的科研意义和应用价值。由于中高纬大气低频环流本身的复杂性,关于其动力机制的研究仍然是大气动力学中重点难点问题。本文简单回顾了激发维持低频模态的前两种机制,即:外源强迫、气流的纬向非均匀性对大气低频模态的影响。从观测事实和模式结果出发,着重介绍了瞬变波与基本气流相互作用激发维持低频模态的第三种机制,且详细阐述了线性假设条件下,瞬变波与基本气流相互作用的动力机制。本文最后针对瞬变波与基本气流相互作用研究中一些尚未解决的问题进行了讨论。  相似文献   

Legacies of 19th century land use shape contemporary forest cover     

《Global Environmental Change》2015

Historic land use can exert strong land-use legacies, i.e., long-lasting effects on ecosystems, but the importance of land-use legacies, alongside other factors, for subsequent forest-cover change is unclear. If past land use affects rates of forest disturbance and afforestation then this may constrain land use planning and land management options, and legacies of current land management may constrain future land use. Our goal was to assess if and how much land-use legacies affect contemporary forest disturbance, and the abundance of different forest types in the Carpathian region in Eastern Europe (265,000 km², encompassing parts of Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Hungary, and Czech Republic). We modeled contemporary forest disturbance (based on satellite image analysis from 1985 to 2010) as a function of historic land use (based on digitized topographic maps from 1860 and 1960). Contemporary forest disturbance was strongly related to historic land use even when controlling for environmental, accessibility and socio-political variation. Across the Carpathian region, the odds of forest disturbance were about 50% higher in areas that were not forested in 1860 (new forests) compared to areas that were forested then (old forests). The forest disturbance in new forests was particularly high in Poland (88% higher odds), Slovakia (69%) and Romania (67%) and persisted across the entire range of environmental, accessibility and socio-political variation. Reasons for the observed legacy effects may include extensive plantations outside forest ranges, predominantly spruce, poplar, and black locust, which are prone to natural disturbances. Furthermore, as plantations reach harvestable age of about 70 years for pulp and 120 year for saw-timber production, these are likely to be clear-cut, producing the observed legacy effects. Across the Carpathians, forest types shifted towards less coniferous cover in 2010 compared to the 1860s and 1960s likely due to extensive historic conifer harvest, and to recent natural disturbance events and clear-cuts of forest plantations. Our results underscore the importance of land-use legacies, and show that past land uses can greatly affect subsequent forest disturbance for centuries. Given rapid land use changes worldwide, it is important to understand how past legacies affect current management and what the impact of current land management decisions may be for future land use.  相似文献   

Macrofauna along the Sudanese Red Sea coast: potential effect of mangrove clearance on community and trophic structure          下载免费PDF全文

Rasha A. O. Sabeel  Jeroen Ingels  Ellen Pape  Ann Vanreusel 《Marine Ecology》2015,36(3):794-809

Mangroves along the Sudanese Red Sea coast are under constant anthropogenic pressure. To better understand the influence of mangrove clearance on the intertidal benthic community, we investigated the composition, biodiversity and standing stock of the macrofauna communities at high‐, mid‐ and low‐water levels in three contrasting habitats: a bare sand flat, a cleared mangrove and an intact mangrove. In addition, a community‐wide metric approach based on taxon‐specific carbon and nitrogen isotope values was used to compare the trophic structure between the three habitats. The habitats differed significantly in terms of macrofaunal standing stock, community composition and trophic structure. The high‐ and mid‐water levels of the intact mangroves showed a distinct macrofaunal community characterized by elevated densities and biomass, largely governed by higher decapod and gastropod abundances. Diversity was similar for cleared and intact mangroves, but much lower for the bare sand flat. Community‐wide metrics indicated highest trophic diversity and community niche breadth in the intact mangroves. Differences between the cleared and intact mangroves can be partly attributed to differences in sediment characteristics resulting from mangrove clearance. These results suggest a significant impact of mangrove clearance on the macrofaunal community and trophic structure. This study calls for further investigations and management actions to protect and restore these habitats, and ensure the survival of this ecologically valuable coastal ecosystem.  相似文献   

利用中位数进行光纤陀螺信号抗差估计     

蒋庆仙  王成宾  马小辉  陈晓璧 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》2011,(6)

为了削弱光纤陀螺信号中异常噪声对寻北精度的影响,在滤除高频周期噪声的基础上,提出了一种处理陀螺信号的新算法。推导了陀螺信号的抗差解公式及其误差影响函数,取观测值的中位数作为抗差初值,利用一次抗差估计求得的观测残差再用中位数法求得均方差因子,并给出了高崩溃污染率的初值辅以IGGⅢ方案迭代解算的混合算法。计算结果表明,基于可靠初值和均方差因子估值的抗差估计可以有效削弱异常干扰对陀螺的影响。  相似文献   

Normalized algorithm for mapping and dating forest disturbances and regrowth for the United States     

Liming He  Jing M. Chen  Shaoliang Zhang  Gustavo Gomez  Yude Pan  Kevin McCullough  Richard Birdsey  Jeffrey G. Masek 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2011

Forest disturbances such as harvesting, wildfire and insect infestation are critical ecosystem processes affecting the carbon cycle. Because carbon dynamics are related to time since disturbance, forest stand age that can be used as a surrogate for major clear-cut/fire disturbance information has recently been recognized as an important input to forest carbon cycle models for improving prediction accuracy. In this study, forest disturbances in the USA for the period of ∼1990–2000 were mapped using 400+ pairs of re-sampled Landsat TM/ETM scenes in 500m resolution, which were provided by the Landsat Ecosystem Disturbance Adaptive Processing System project. The detected disturbances were then separated into two five-year age groups, facilitated by Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data, which was used to calculate the area of forest regeneration for each county in the USA.  相似文献   

运城市2010年4月13日强霜冻过程分析     

邵宝霞  李冬梅  褚红瑞  魏海茹 《山西气象》2011,(1):23-25,46

利用常规天气资料和数值预报产品,应用天气分析和诊断分析方法,对2010年4月13日运城市出现的近40年最严重的强霜冻天气过程进行分析,并与历史个例进行比较,结果表明,此次过程是在前期升温明显的基础上,有强冷空气在西伯利亚及贝加尔湖堆积并向南侵袭造成的;此次过程亚洲中高纬环流表现为“一脊一槽”型,动力机制为横槽转竖促使冷空气向南爆发;冷空气爆发后,本地上空由强盛的冷平流控制,地面冷高压进入关键区并达到寒潮强度。由于每次强降温发生的环流背景、影响系统及冷空气的强度、发展、移动路径不同,所以造成的降温幅度和影响也不同。在此基础上,总结出强霜冻预报的着眼点。  相似文献   

Interactions between river flows and colonizing vegetation on a braided river: exploring spatial and temporal dynamics in riparian vegetation cover using satellite data     

W. Bertoldi  N. A. Drake  A. M. Gurnell 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2011,36(11):1474-1486

Field, laboratory, and numerical modelling research are increasingly demonstrating the potential of riparian tree colonization and growth to influence fluvial dynamics and the evolution of fluvial landforms. This paper jointly analyses multi‐temporal, multispectral ASTER data, continuous river stage and discharge data, and field observations of the growth rates of the dominant riparian tree species (Populus nigra) along a 21 km reach of the Tagliamento River, Italy. Research focuses on the period 2004–2009, during which there was a bankfull flood on 24 October 2004, followed by 2 years with low water levels, nearly 2 years with only modest flow pulses, and then a final period from 15 August 2008 that included several intermediate to bankfull flow events. This study period of increasing flow disturbance allows the exploration of vegetation dynamics within the river's active corridor under changing flow conditions. The analysis demonstrates the utility of ASTER data for investigating vegetation dynamics along large fluvial corridors and reveals both spatial and temporal variations in the expansion, coalescence, and erosion of vegetated patches within the study reach. Changes in the extent of the vegetated area and its dynamics vary along the study reach. In sub‐reaches where riparian tree growth is vigorous, the vegetated area expands rapidly during time periods without channel‐shaping flows, and is subsequently able to resist erosion by bankfull floods. In contrast, in sub‐reaches where tree growth is less vigorous, the vegetated area expands at a slower rate and is more readily re‐set by bankfull flood events. This illustrates that the rate of growth of riparian trees is crucial to their ability to contribute actively to river corridor dynamics. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

安徽省地电阻率台址电性结构特征参数的初步分析     

王燚坤  隆爱军  张有林  曹晓星  陈远东  陈海博  陆立 《地震地磁观测与研究》2011,32(2):25-30

依据电测深资料,计算研究安徽省合肥、肥东、蒙城3个地电阻率台站的电性结构特征参数:干扰系数α、γ和异常系数β.讨论不同电性结构、不同极距、不同测线下特征参数的变化速率及相互之间的比例关系.研究结果表明,特征参数可以直观反映台址不同极距下的抑制干扰能力和映震能力,并对提升观测效能具有一定的指导意义.  相似文献   

肥东地震台地电阻率观测场地勘选     

王燚坤  余勇  王行舟  张有林  黄显良  洪德全  葛计划 《地震地磁观测与研究》2011,32(4):50-54

按照《地震及前兆数字观测技术规范》和《地震台站观测环境技术要求(第二部分,电磁观测)》(GB/T 19531.2-2004),对安徽省肥东地震台地电阻率观测场地进行了勘选,采用十字电测深法勘探地下介质的电性结构分布情况,并对观测环境进行电磁骚扰测试,经过对测量结果进行计算和初步分析处理后,认为该场地适合地电阻率台站建设...  相似文献   

Reproductive biology of Spondias tuberosa Arruda (Anacardiaceae), an endemic fructiferous species of the caatinga (dry forest), under different management conditions in northeastern Brazil     

A.L.S. Almeida  C.C. Castro 《Journal of Arid Environments》2011,75(4):330-337

In areas under different management conditions (management units, MUs) located either on a slope or at the base of a slope and either in a plantation or in a pasture, we compared the flower and fruit production, floral visitors, visitation rates and pre-emergent reproductive success (PERS) of Spondias tuberosa (Anacardiaceae) in an area of dry forest in NE Brazil. Individuals in the plantation MU produced more flowers per inflorescence than those in other MUs, but there were no statistical differences in mean fruit set among MUs. The only difference in mean visitation rates was between the plantation (65.83 ± 38.49) and the slope sites (11.5 ± 12.8). We observed visits by 19 insect species, including bees (31.6%), butterflies (31.6%), wasps (26.3%) and flies (10.5%). A clustering analysis based on the number of visits showed that a) the plantation site is most different from the other MUs, b) the pasture and the site at the base of the slope are similar to the slope site, and c) the higher frequency of visits of pollinators in the plantation MU was responsible for these differences. Of the 19 species of insects visiting the flowers, 12 were considered pollinators. The pollinator similarity analysis indicated a clear separation between areas and suggested that human activity has resulted in the replacement of native pollinators by exotic species. However, these changes apparently have not affected the pre-emergent reproductive success of S. tuberosa. Our results show that plant reproductive biology in semi-arid ecosystems may be modified by human action and that changes in floral production and pollinator guilds are the most conspicuous effects. However, the traditional management performed by local people may not affect the reproductive success of plant species.  相似文献